When does ownership of freight transfer from the sender to the receiver?

Ownership transfer depends on the Incoterms agreed in the commercial contract between sender and receiver — not on the CMR consignment note, which records only the transport contract. Under EXW (Ex Works), ownership transfers when the sender makes the goods available at their premises before the carrier collects. Under DDP (Delivered Duty Paid), ownership transfers when the goods reach the receiver's facility. The CMR records who dispatched and who receives the cargo — it does not determine when title passes between the commercial parties.