Who arranges drayage — the shipping line or the importer?

The shipping line's responsibility ends at the terminal gate. It discharges the container from the vessel and makes it available for collection — nothing beyond that. Under DDP and DAP Incoterms, the seller or their appointed freight forwarder arranges and pays for the drayage move as part of the delivery contract. Under EXW and FCA Incoterms, the importer's freight forwarder or customs broker books the truck. In practice, the importer, their freight forwarder, or a third-party logistics provider always controls drayage booking — the shipping line is not involved in the inland move.